Burst-modulated (Russian) current in NMES uses what concept?

• A. Monophasic pulses
• B. Pure DC
• C. A high-frequency carrier with bursts to improve comfort and penetration
• D. Sine wave only

Answer: (C)

This uses a high-frequency carrier that is delivered in short bursts. The carrier is a high-frequency alternating current (often around 2 kHz) that is turned on and off in bursts, typically at about 50 bursts per second so the muscle experiences a lower effective frequency. The high frequency reduces skin impedance and dampens superficial nerve firing, making the stimulation more comfortable while still delivering enough energy to reach deeper muscles. The on/off bursts also create a strong, tetanic contraction when on, with brief rest periods during the off time to help prevent rapid fatigue. In short, it combines a high-frequency carrier with burst modulation to improve comfort and penetration, rather than relying on simple DC or a single sine wave.